Back in the day, a surface-gap plug was the best performer, to avoid pre-ignition in a very high compression engine, as well as less likely to foul. That was race-level performance, HEI, compression ratios of 12:1 and higher, and in multi-cylinder automotive where the RPMs were approaching valve float. The absence of a ground electrode could absolutely cause a larger measured arc gap, and require more energy. Single or multiple ground electrodes at a smaller gap may require less energy, or be more forgiving of weaker electronics, but they’re also also almost guaranteed to fire, even in a messy environment (well.., ‘til they foul, of course).