where are you spinning the generator from?
try using a brushless RC motor, and running it friction drive off the engine flywheel etc... a "squirrel cage" or "outrunner" is perfect, as its the shaft thats held staionary, the casing spins
no need to fit a roller!
you will need a rectifier/regulator. either a handful of diodes, and a 7815 regulator with one 1n4007 diode to drop the output to 13.8 ish..., or the nice complete unit off a motorbike. make sure its a 3 phase and not a single phase! 3 in 2 out, not 2 in 2 out...
unfortunately, you cant wire a generator DIRECTLY to a 12v battery. if its a standard cheap bottle dynamo.
the generator more than likely fried not from overspeeding but from overloading. whats its output voltage, and is there any blocking diode to stop the battery discharging into the generator? you need at least 13.8 volts to charge a 12v lead acid battery. if the generator doesnt supply this, easily, then the battery will discharge into it. and theres a 0.6 to 1.2 volt drop across any blocking diodes that needs to be accounted for.
dynamos rarely have internal diodes, as they arent necessary when only running lights. if the dynamo "locks" when spun one way, its got a diode. otherwise it will sorta spin both ways(sorta...you can feel the ratcheting as the magnets attract the core. as per normal) it will lock both ways if you SHORT the wires but
magnetic brakes. awesome!
the current induced in the coil, by the rotating magnet, creates its own magnetic field. this magnetic field is equal to but is in reverse to the rotating magnetic field. so it repels the magnet. pushes back with just as much force as its being pushed against. if nature was perfect and the wiring was superconductive, it would be impossible to move at all. (but heres a thing... zero resistance means NO CURRENT regardless of the voltage! or...no voltage regardless of the current! basic maths! cant divide or multiply by 0! so a superconductive winding round a steel core wouldnt create a magnetic field... or be affected by one either. superconductors dont actually "conduct" the way we imagine them to. they sort of...resonate.)
a solar charging regulator would work for the voltage side of things if the genny barely gets over 14 volts at max speed., a simple 1n4007 diode will stop the discharge problem if the generator is supplying enough power.
or try using a 6volt battery, and dont worry if youre trying to pump 12 volts into it. one diode, as a blocker, and one resistor to limit the current. like, 5watt, 1 ohm... wattage to suit total power of lights i guess